Question Easy:
A 55-year-old man presents to the GP with complaints of frequent urination and urgency over the past few months. He denies any pain during urination or visible blood in the urine. He has no history of diabetes. Which condition is most likely responsible for his symptoms? 🚻
A) Urinary tract infection (UTI)
B) Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
C) Diabetes insipidus
D) Prostate cancer
E) Interstitial cystitis
Question Medium:
A 70-year-old patient is diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 4. Considering the typical complications of CKD, which medication should be considered for management to reduce the progression of kidney disease? 💊
A) Metformin
B) Lisinopril
C) Amlodipine
D) Furosemide
E) Atenolol
Question Hard:
A 32-year-old woman presents with recurrent episodes of kidney stones. She is found to have hypercalciuria. After lifestyle modifications and addressing dietary habits, she is started on medication to decrease stone recurrence. Which medication is she likely prescribed? 🏥
A) Thiazide diuretics
B) Potassium citrate
C) Allopurinol
D) Calcium supplementation
E) Acetazolamide
Explanations & Answers:
Question Easy Answer:
B) Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Question Easy Explanation:
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is common in older men and often presents with lower urinary tract symptoms such as frequent urination, urgency, and difficulty starting urination. NICE guidelines indicate that BPH is a likely cause given the patient’s age and symptom profile, especially without infection or diabetes symptoms.
Question Medium Answer:
B) Lisinopril
Question Medium Explanation:
Lisinopril, an ACE inhibitor, is recommended by NICE for CKD patients as it can help slow disease progression by reducing blood pressure and proteinuria. Kidney protection is an essential part of managing CKD, especially in stage 4, where complications increase significantly.
Question Hard Answer:
A) Thiazide diuretics
Question Hard Explanation:
Thiazide diuretics are commonly used to reduce the risk of recurrent calcium-based kidney stones by minimizing calcium excretion through the urine. According to BNF guidelines, thiazides are one of the primary treatments for idiopathic hypercalciuria and serve to decrease stone formation.
Medical fact of the day:
Did you know? The average adult kidney processes about 180 litres of blood daily to produce roughly 1.5 to 2 litres of urine. That’s an incredible filtration system at work! 🏅
Quote of the day:
“In the art of medicine, compassion and patience are the brushstrokes that paint hope.”