Question Easy:
A 42-year-old man presents with dull, flank pain and hematuria. A CT scan reveals the presence of a 6mm kidney stone. What is the most appropriate initial management? 🤔
A) Watchful waiting
B) Shock wave lithotripsy
C) Ureteroscopy
D) Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
E) Open surgery
Explanations & Answers:
Question Easy Answer:
A) Watchful waiting
Question Easy Explanation:
For kidney stones less than 10mm, especially if asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic, watchful waiting is often recommended as these stones frequently pass on their own. NICE guidelines suggest conservative management as a viable initial option in such cases.
Question Medium:
A 28-year-old female presents with dysuria, frequency, and urgency. A midstream urine sample reveals the presence of bacteria and white blood cells. What is the first-line antibiotic treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infections in non-pregnant women according to NHS guidelines? 🦠
A) Amoxicillin
B) Ciprofloxacin
C) Trimethoprim
D) Nitrofurantoin
E) Doxycycline
Explanations & Answers:
Question Medium Answer:
D) Nitrofurantoin
Question Medium Explanation:
According to NHS and NICE guidelines, Nitrofurantoin is considered a first-line treatment for uncomplicated UTIs in non-pregnant women. It is preferred due to its efficacy and minimal resistance in common UTI pathogens.
Question Hard:
A 56-year-old man with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus presents with swelling of the legs, frothy urine, and hypertension. Blood tests show a serum albumin level of 20 g/L and proteinuria of 5 grams per day. What is the most likely diagnosis? 🏥
A) Acute kidney injury
B) Nephrotic syndrome
C) Chronic kidney disease
D) Diabetic nephropathy
E) Hypertensive nephrosclerosis
Explanations & Answers:
Question Hard Answer:
B) Nephrotic syndrome
Question Hard Explanation:
The patient’s symptoms and laboratory findings point towards nephrotic syndrome, characterized by significant proteinuria (>3.5 grams/day), hypoalbuminemia (albumin <30 g/L), and edema. NICE guidelines indicate these classical nephrotic syndrome signs which differ from other renal pathologies.
Medical fact of the day:
Did you know that the human kidney filters approximately 180 liters of blood per day? This impressive feat underscores the kidney’s crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and filtering out toxins.
Quote of the day:
“In the tapestry of healthcare, every thread you weave makes an intricate and indispensable part of the patient’s journey. Keep weaving with compassion and precision.” 🌟